Surveys have shown that environmental factors play an important role in tumorigenesis. Some people put forward the concept of "environmental cancer" and believe that these tumors, which account for about 70%-80% of total cancers, are preventable. For example, 85% of British male lung cancers are attributed to smoking; 40% of African male liver cancers are attributed to mycotoxins in food. About 35% of American cancers are related to diet and nutrition. About 50% of the tumors in China are related to dietary nutrition factors. It can be seen that diet and nutrition play an important role in many cancer-related environmental factors.
The International Expert Group jointly organized by the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) and the American Cancer Institute (AICR) has collected 4,500 research data on diet, nutrition, and cancer prevention in countries around the world since 1994, and has proposed some clear and easy methods. It is also encouraging that effective anti-cancer measures, such as healthy diets, can reduce breast cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer by 1/2, 1/3, and 1/4, respectively. Improper diet increased cancer
In rural areas of Asian, African and Latin American developing countries, food is prolific in the local area and it is basically "what kind of food to eat." The main and non-staple food species are monotonous, except for a few tribes and pastoral areas that make use of hunting to make a living. There are fewer animal foods, oils, and processed foods, and the staple food consisting of cereals and potatoes is larger. The incidence of cancer in the oral, throat, esophagus, stomach, liver, and cervix is ​​high in these populations. In some cities in developed countries of Europe, America and Australia or in developing countries, with the development of industry, the food and plant foods in the diet have been gradually reduced, while the consumption of animal foods, oils, sugars and processed foods has increased. In the "three-high" diet characterized by high calorie, high protein and high fat, the content of biologically active substances and cellulose from plants is significantly reduced, protein and fat nutrition is excessive, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and coronary heart disease And so "civilized disease" is prevalent, and the incidence of cancer has also increased. The incidence of colorectal cancer, hormone-related breast cancer, prostate cancer, and endometrial cancer has risen significantly in these regions. Cancer prevention focuses on dietary composition
To solve cancer prevention, we must study the relationship between the components of the diet and cancer.
Humans need to take calories from food to maintain normal physiological functions. Heat balance is closely related to calorie intake, height, weight, and physical activity. Data have shown that infants and young children developing faster, menstruating early, high-calorie diet, obesity and less active women have increased risk of breast cancer and endometrial cancer. Obesity may also increase kidney cancer, gallbladder cancer, colon cancer, and the like.
Carbohydrates are a large class of compounds with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen elements. They are made up of sugar, starch, and non-starch dietary fiber. They are still the main source of dietary calories in most countries and regions in the world. However, in the "three-high" diet, carbohydrates only provide about 40% to 50% of the calories. It has been ascertained that diets high in starch and fiber may have a role in reducing the incidence of colon cancer and pancreatic cancer; for example, excessive consumption of refined starch may increase the risk of developing gastric cancer and colorectal cancer.
Fat is an important nutrient. Most unsaturated fats are derived from plant foods; most saturated fats are provided by animal foods, which are the only source of cholesterol. Diets high in fat, particularly animal fats and saturated fats, may cause an increased risk of lung cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer.
Protein is the material basis of life, and the main components of the organism need its participation. So far, there is still a lack of information that shows that the quality and quantity of plant or animal proteins can significantly affect tumorigenesis.
Vitamins are the organic compounds necessary to maintain the health of the body. Carotenoid foods can reduce the risk of lung cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer. Vitamin C can reduce the incidence of oral cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and cervical cancer. . Vitamin E can reduce the risk of lung cancer and cervical cancer.
The essential minerals of the human body are divided into 11 major elements and 14 trace elements. Food iodine deficiency or excessive iodine levels can increase the risk of thyroid cancer. Supplementing adequate amounts of selenium in food may reduce the incidence of lung cancer and primary liver cancer.
In recent years, in vegetables, fruits, legumes, and Other plant foods, traces of micro-substances that do not have nutritional effects but are biologically active have been found, such as flavonoids, plant sterols, and phytoestrogens. Grains are also anti-cancer
It is important to study the relationship between various types of food and cancer.
Cereals are the main component of the diet. At present, there is limited data on cereals, their products, and onset of cancer. Only countries such as Europe and the United States have discovered that rough-processed cereal products such as whole wheat flour are good for reducing esophageal cancer and gastric cancer.
In theory, non-cereal starch foods such as cassava, potato, sweet potato, and plantain are good for cancer prevention, but the exact evidence is still insufficient.
Vegetables and fruits can provide abundant fibres, vitamins, minerals and biologically active substances. Current data show that vegetables and fruits can reduce the risk of lung cancer, stomach cancer, and oral cancer; cruciferous vegetables can reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer and thyroid cancer; garlic, onions, carrots, tomatoes, and citrus fruits It is good for reducing lung cancer, stomach cancer and bladder cancer. Among all types of foods, fruits and vegetables are the most effective anti-cancer drugs.
Beans are the most abundant source of plant protein in the diet, including a large amount of fiber, minerals, vitamins and biologically active substances. In the past 10 years, international research on soybeans and chronic diseases including cancer has been very encouraging. Many experimental studies have suggested the anti-cancer effect of soybeans and the corresponding mechanism. Soybeans, like vegetables and fruits, are the exact and effective health food for humans to prevent cancer.
Nut kernels and seeds provide unsaturated fat, protein, fiber and various trace bioactive substances for the diet, and some of them have been confirmed to have a certain anti-cancer effect in the experiment.
Fish, meat, poultry, and eggs are the main sources of animal protein in the diet, as well as various vitamins and minerals. Cows, sheep, and pork provide saturated fat, and fish can provide unsaturated fats. Excessive cattle, sheep, and pork diets can increase the risk of colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and kidney cancer. Excessive consumption of eggs can increase the incidence of colorectal cancer. Give you an anti-cancer meal guide
Regardless of the progress of dietary, nutritional, and cancer research, the most urgently needed by the public is a simple and feasible anti-cancer guide. In 1997, experts from around the world organized by the American Cancer Institute (AICR) organized 14 recommendations for this purpose. It can be summarized as the following five specific measures:
First, the diet should contain a variety of plant foods, such as cereals, beans and potatoes, eat 600-800 grams a day, eat more vegetables and fruits, 400-800 grams per day.
Second, actively participate in sports activities and maintain a healthy weight.
Third, do not smoke, drinking should be appropriate.
Fourth, eat low-fat and low-salt foods, salt no more than 6 grams per person per day.
Fifth, safe processing and preservation of food.
Improving dietary nutrition, participating in physical activity and maintaining a healthy body weight are estimated to reduce the risk of cancer by 30% to 40%, and the cessation of smoking may be reduced to 60% to 70%.
The Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents, published by the Nutrition Society of China, are divided into eight categories: (1) Foods are diverse, cereals are the main ingredient; (2) Vegetables, fruits, and potatoes are eaten; (3) Milk, beans, or milk are eaten daily. Its products; (4) Eat the right amount of fish, poultry, eggs, lean meat, eat less fat and oyster sauce; (5) Balance the amount of food and physical activity to maintain a proper weight; (6) Light and light salt; (7) ) Drink in moderation; (8) Eat clean, undamaged food. This is not designed specifically for cancer prevention, but it is fully applicable to cancer prevention. It can also prevent many cardiovascular and metabolic diseases while preventing cancer.
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