With the cold weather this year coming to the north and south of China, the issue of “Southern heating†has warmed up in various media. I am a Wuxi native and work in Jinan. I have a deep understanding of the differences in the quality of winter life between the “South†and the “Northâ€. Because I was afraid of the cold and cold environment in the southern winter home, I have not dared to go back to my hometown for the Spring Festival for many years. With the improvement of people's living standards, it is necessary to have proper heating means in the southern provinces of the Yangtze River in winter. This has become the consensus of the public. Nowadays, everyone has adopted the technology available in the market to improve the living environment in winter, which is mainly all kinds of electric heating equipment, household air conditioners and household gas stoves. The focus of the discussion now is whether the South should concentrate on heating and whether there are better alternative technologies.
To solve the problem of heating in the south, of course, the first thing that comes to mind is the effective centralized heating technology in the north of China. Although there are already many people, including representatives of people's congresses at all levels, calling for the promotion of central heating in the south to improve people's livelihood, everyone sees only "thunder and rain, and little rain", with little substantial advancement. I believe that this is not the voice of the governments at all levels who can't hear the masses, but some related technical and economic issues are still unclear and no consensus has been reached. Each particular technology has its strengths and weaknesses, and the central heating technology that is applicable in the North is not necessarily the optimal option in the South. One of the biggest differences here is the length of the heating period. The heating period in the cold northern regions can be as long as 210 days and in Jinan for 120 days. The heating period in the south of the Yangtze River will be much shorter and the average heating intensity will be lower. The initial investment required for the central heating system is huge, and the non-heating period also requires maintenance. Therefore, the economics of the central heating system to solve the shorter heating period will be poor. The second problem is caused by history. Central heating systems are huge municipal projects that involve all aspects and require large planning. Different social groups have different requirements for heating. Therefore, it is almost impossible to promote central heating in large areas in already built towns.
So is there any alternative technology? The use of gas as an energy source to easily achieve decentralized heating is a viable alternative. However, if gas heating is fully implemented in the vast southern regions, whether the winter supply can ensure the gas supply will involve the country's energy policy and supply capacity. On the other hand, users who have already adopted gas heating are complaining that they are too expensive and the people can't afford it.
Another possible method that is being used in large numbers is electric heating. From the principle of heat generation, electric heating can be divided into two types. One is to convert electricity directly into a hot electric heating device, including electric heating, electric heating film, and even the simplest electric blanket. These electric heating devices are simple in technology and low in price; but the efficiency of electrothermal conversion is low, which is not conducive to energy saving and environmental protection. To achieve a comfortable indoor environment, the expenditure on electricity is also unacceptable. In addition, due to its low efficiency, if a large area is used for electric heating, it will have a great impact on the load of the grid in the coldest weather; it is also uneconomical to ensure such peak load of electricity.
A reasonable and effective way to achieve electric heating should be heat pump technology.
A heat pump is a device that transfers heat from a low-temperature medium to a high-temperature medium by performing work. A normal heat pump uses electric power as a driving energy source. In heating applications, the heat pump absorbs heat from the surrounding environment and sends it to the room. Therefore, a household air conditioner is a heat pump. The first benefit of a heat pump is energy savings. Compared with electric heating devices that directly convert electrical energy into thermal energy, the power consumption of heat pump heating is only 1/2 to 1/4 of the former, which can greatly save electricity costs, achieve energy saving and emission reduction, and reduce the load on the power grid. The second advantage of the heat pump is that it can be used both for heating and cooling (air conditioning). Because of the dual use of one machine, the total purchase cost of the building heating and air conditioning system is reduced; this is an important positive factor for the southern region where air conditioning is generally required in summer. In addition, the heat pump heating and air conditioning system is very flexible, and can be made into a small system that is independent or decentralized, or a large-scale central heating air-conditioning system, a system that can serve tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of square meters. Therefore, it is suitable for both urban and rural areas.
There are many types of heat pump systems for the air conditioning of buildings (including heating and cooling). They can be divided into two categories: air source heat pump and ground source heat pump. The air source heat pump uses outdoor air as a heat source. In the heating condition, the heat is absorbed from the outdoor air, and the temperature is increased by the heat pump to be sent to the indoor heating. The household air conditioner is an air source heat pump, which has a simple system and a low purchase cost. The main disadvantage of air source heat pumps is that the efficiency of the heat pump is greatly reduced during high temperatures in summer and cold weather in winter. Moreover, its heat production decreases as the outdoor air temperature decreases, which is exactly the opposite of the building heat load demand trend. Therefore, when the outdoor air temperature is too low, it is necessary to use electricity or other auxiliary heat source for heating. In addition, frost is formed on the evaporator of the air source heat pump under heating conditions, and regular defrosting is required. This affects both the comfort of heating and the consumption of a large amount of energy, which is an unavoidable disadvantage for the wet and cold southern regions of winter.
Another heat pump uses the earth (soil, rock formation, groundwater) as a heat source and can be called a “ground source heat pumpâ€. In the deeper strata, the temperature is kept constant throughout the year without interference. The undisturbed temperature in the Yangtze River basin is about 18 °C, which is much higher than the outdoor temperature in winter and lower than the outdoor temperature in summer. Therefore, the ground source heat pump can overcome the technical obstacles of the air source heat pump, and the efficiency is greatly improved. The ground source heat pump can be further divided into surface water heat pump, ground water heat pump and ground source heat pump. The buried ground source heat pump system is a ground source heat pump system that utilizes the closed loop of heat in the underground rock and soil. It flows through the closed underground pipe to achieve heat transfer between the system and the earth. It is also commonly referred to directly as a "ground source heat pump." During the heating process in winter, the water in the pipe collects heat from the ground and then sends the heat to the room through a heat pump. In the summer, the system runs in reverse, that is, the heat is taken away from the room, and then the heat is sent to the underground rock through the system. The ground-source heat pump system of the buried pipe maintains the advantage of the groundwater source heat pump using the earth as a source of cold and heat, and does not need to extract groundwater as a medium for heat transfer. It is a sustainable new building energy-saving technology.
The ground source heat pump heating and air conditioning system has been put into practical use in Europe and North America since the 1950s. It was quickly promoted after the “oil crisis†in the 1970s and is now a mature technology. In recent years, due to the worldwide concern about global environmental issues, ground source heat pump technology has received much attention from many international agencies and governments. International organizations such as the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the International Energy Agency (IEA) have promoted the application of ground source heat pumps as an important means of saving energy, reducing carbon dioxide emissions, and improving the global environment. With the formulation of China's energy policy, energy conservation has become one of the important tasks in China. The "Energy Conservation Law of the People's Republic of China" passed in 2007 and the "12th Five-Year Plan for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction" promulgated by the State Council in 2012 all require heat pump heating and air conditioning technology as the main building energy-saving technology, and are required to be promoted. According to the characteristics of China, air source heat pump and ground source heat pump heating are not suitable in cold regions. Central heating will still be the main way of heating in northern cities and towns. In recent years, ground-source heat pump technology, as a new technology for environmental protection and energy conservation, has also been widely used in cold regions of northern China, especially for buildings that are not available in urban heat networks and that are relatively scattered, or that have large air conditioning requirements in summer. building. At the same time, a research and development, design and engineering team of ground source heat pump technology has also been formed in China, and has gained a lot of experience. Therefore, the ground source heat pump will also become the preferred solution to the "Southern heating" problem together with the air source heat pump.
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