**(a) Apple**
1. **Fertilization Principles**
(1) Apply organic fertilizer and promote the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Adjust nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer amounts based on soil fertility and yield levels. Pay attention to the combined application of calcium, magnesium, boron, and zinc.
(2) Combine high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques. Apply NPK fertilizers in stages according to tree potential and age.
(3) For orchards with soil acidification, improve the soil by applying silicon fertilizer and slaked lime.
2. **Fertilizer Amounts and Proportions**
(1) For orchards producing 3,500 kg or less per mu: Nitrogen (N) 15–25 kg/mu, Phosphate (P₂O₅) 6–10 kg/mu, Potash (K₂O) 15–20 kg/mu. For orchards producing 3,500–4,500 kg/mu: N 20–30 kg/mu, P₂O₅ 8–12 kg/mu, K₂O 15–25 kg/mu. For orchards producing over 4,500 kg/mu: N 25–40 kg/mu, P₂O₅ 10–15 kg/mu, K₂O 20–30 kg/mu.
(2) For early-maturing varieties, fertile soil, young trees, or strong tree potential, apply 2–3 cubic meters of organic fertilizer per mu. For late-maturing varieties, poor soil, older trees, or weak tree potential, apply 3–4 cubic meters of organic fertilizer per mu. Chemical fertilizers should be applied 2–3 times, with late-maturing varieties requiring 3 applications. The first application is in mid-March, combining NPK. The second in mid-June, focusing on nitrogen and potassium, with increased potassium. The third from late July to mid-August, mainly potassium with a small amount of nitrogen.
(3) For orchards with zinc, boron, or calcium deficiencies, apply 1–1.5 kg of zinc sulfate, 0.5–1.0 kg of borax, and 30–50 kg of calcium nitrate per acre, mixed with organic fertilizer in early spring. For sulfur-deficient orchards, use sulfur-containing fertilizers such as potassium sulfate-based compound fertilizers, ammonium sulfate, or superphosphate.
**(b) Peach**
1. **Fertilization Principles**
(1) Increase the proportion of organic fertilizer. Regulate the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium based on soil fertility, variety maturity, and yield levels. Emphasize the combined use of calcium, magnesium, boron, and zinc or copper fertilizers.
(2) Different varieties have different spring topdressing periods. Early-maturing varieties require earlier applications than late-maturing ones. Focus on autumn base fertilization, with fewer spring topdressing applications for early-maturing varieties.
(3) Combine high-quality cultivation techniques. In areas prone to waterlogging in summer, use ridge, mulching, or grassing methods. In arid regions, promote surface mulching and hole storage with fertilizer technology.
2. **Fertilizer Amounts and Methods**
(1) Organic fertilizer application: For early-maturing varieties, fertile soil, young trees, or strong tree potential, apply 1–2 cubic meters of organic fertilizer per mu. For late-maturing varieties, thin soil, old trees, or weak tree potential, apply 2–4 cubic meters of organic fertilizer per mu.
(2) Fertilizer application: For orchards producing 1,500 kg/mu: N 10–12 kg/mu, P₂O₅ 5–8 kg/mu, K₂O 12–15 kg/mu. For 2,000 kg/mu: N 15–18 kg/mu, P₂O₅ 7–10 kg/mu, K₂O 17–20 kg/mu. For 3,000 kg/mu: N 18–20 kg/mu, P₂O₅ 10–12 kg/mu, K₂O 20–23 kg/mu.
(3) Application method: All organic fertilizer is applied as base fertilizer in autumn or spring using ditching. 50% of phosphate and potassium, and 40% of nitrogen are applied together with organic fertilizer. Remaining NPK is applied during the growing season. Topdressing is usually done during peach germination (early March), hard core period (mid-May), and fruit expansion (June to July). Early-maturing varieties receive 2 topdressing applications, while late-maturing varieties receive 3.
(4) For orchards with previous year's issues like early defoliation or heavy load, increase topdressing. Spray 1%–3% urea 2–3 times before germination, every 7 days until mid-July. After germination, spray 0.3%–0.5% urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate twice daily. If symptoms like white leaves, dry branches, or gum exudation appear, spray 0.01%–0.03% copper sulfate solution during germination.
(5) If large amounts of organic fertilizer are used, reduce autumn nitrogen and potassium by 1–2 kg/mu. If pig manure is used, even if past symptoms occur, avoid copper sulfate unless necessary.
**(c) Pear**
1. **Fertilization Principles**
(1) Increase organic fertilizer application and implement soil covering and fertilizing techniques. For severely acidic soils, improve with lime and organic fertilizer.
(2) Adjust nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer amounts based on soil fertility and tree growth, increase potassium fertilizer, and supplement trace elements like calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and boron through foliar sprays.
(3) Combine high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques. Determine fertilizer application timing, dosage, and element ratio based on yield level and soil fertility.
(4) Optimize fertilization methods. Use strip or point application instead of broadcasting. Coordinate irrigation and fertilization, adjusting fertilizer with water.
2. **Fertilizer Amounts and Methods**
(1) For orchards producing more than 4,000 kg/mu: Organic fertilizer 3–4 cubic meters/mu, N 25–30 kg/mu, P₂O₅ 8–12 kg/mu, K₂O 20–30 kg/mu.
(2) For 2,000–4,000 kg/mu: Organic fertilizer 2–3 cubic meters/mu, N 20–25 kg/mu, P₂O₅ 8–12 kg/mu, K₂O 20–25 kg/mu.
(3) For less than 2,000 kg/mu: Organic fertilizer 2–3 cubic meters/mu, N 15–20 kg/mu, P₂O₅ 8–12 kg/mu, K₂O 15–20 kg/mu.
For orchards with low calcium and magnesium, use calcium phosphate fertilizer. For iron, zinc, or boron deficiencies, spray ferrous sulfate (0.3%), zinc sulfate (0.3%–0.5%), or borax (0.2%–0.5%). Adjust nitrogen and potassium amounts based on organic fertilizer application.
All organic fertilizer, all phosphate fertilizer, 50–60% nitrogen, and 40% potassium are applied as base fertilizer in autumn after harvest. Remaining 40–50% nitrogen and 60% potassium are applied in March during germination, and again in June to July during fruit expansion. Adjust topdressing based on tree vigor.
*Expert Group on Soil Testing and Formula Fertilization Technology of the Ministry of Agriculture*
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