**Abstract**
The development of composite superhard materials has been significantly influenced by the successful creation of synthetic diamonds by General Electric (GE) in the 1950s. This early stage marked the beginning of research and development, characterized by limited technological capabilities and small-scale production. Over time, the industry has evolved, leading to more advanced techniques and broader applications.
**Development History of Composite Superhard Materials**
The emergence of the composite superhard materials industry was largely driven by GE's breakthrough in synthetic diamond production during the 1950s. At that time, the industry was still in its infancy, with low technological maturity and limited production capacity. However, this foundational phase laid the groundwork for future advancements.
In 1977, GE introduced diamond sintered bodies (PCD) and cubic boron nitride (PCBN), which were soon used in cutting tools. This innovation led to a significant rise in the technical level of diamond superhard materials and expanded their application into drilling and cutting industries. Today, the process for producing polycrystalline diamond composite sheets is highly developed, enabling efficient use in geological exploration and oil and gas operations.
Compared to the global industry, China's superhard materials sector started later, with artificial diamond production beginning in 1963. Initially, these materials were mainly used in abrasives. By the early 2000s, China's industry experienced its first major growth, as traditional sheet processes were upgraded to powder-based methods, dramatically reducing costs. This shift allowed China to become the world's largest producer of diamonds, accounting for approximately 80% of global output.
In recent years, the introduction of large six-axis presses has further boosted production efficiency and reduced costs. As a result, Chinese diamond composites have improved in quality and now compete globally. Domestic products are increasingly replacing imported ones in various sectors, including cutting tools, mining, and petroleum equipment. High-end diamond composites are now entering international markets, with growing export volumes.
**Market Size and Future Prospects of Composite Superhard Materials**
With increasing demand from downstream industries, the market for composite superhard materials is expanding rapidly. According to industry reports, the current value of domestic superhard materials is between 1:3 and 1:6. High-grade diamonds account for about 60–70% of the total market, indicating strong demand.
For PCD composites used in oil and gas drill bits, market demand is closely tied to the oil and gas industry. In 2009, China produced 189.49 million tons of oil but consumed 384.845 million tons, highlighting high import dependency. The Twelfth Five-Year Plan emphasizes increased domestic oil exploration and production to reduce reliance on foreign sources.
China’s natural gas production has also seen steady growth. From 2005 to 2011, output rose significantly, reaching 102.5 billion cubic meters in 2011. With the expansion of shale gas exploration, as highlighted in the U.S. Energy Agency’s report, China holds the world's largest shale gas reserves. This development presents new opportunities for PCD composites in the oil and gas sector, with a projected market size of around 1.4 billion yuan in China alone.
In the coal and mining industry, PCD composites are widely used in tools, driven by rising coal production. In 2011, China produced 3.52 billion tons of raw coal, showing a consistent upward trend. The global mining composite market is valued at nearly 20 billion yuan, with China accounting for about 2 billion yuan.
High-grade PCD drawing dies are also in demand, particularly in industrial and engineering applications. Although the market potential is large, current adoption is limited due to high costs and specialized needs. As technology improves and costs decrease, this segment is expected to grow significantly.
**Competitive Landscape of Key Players in the Industry**
Globally, the high-end superhard materials market is dominated by companies like Element Six, DI, Sumitomo, and Rijin. These firms have advanced technologies and strong brand recognition. In contrast, China’s industry lags in high-end materials, with few companies competing at the same level.
Major Chinese players include Sifangda, Shenzhen Haimingrun, Zhengzhou Xinya, Huanghe Cyclone, Henan Yalong, and Zhengzhou Sanmao. These companies produce high-quality diamond composites and have a solid presence in both domestic and international markets. However, they still face challenges in competing with global leaders, requiring continued investment in R&D and product quality improvement.
Currently, China benefits from a well-established industrial chain and cost advantages. The country has become the world's largest producer of synthetic diamonds, with annual output exceeding 11 billion carats. This strong supply base supports the growth of the composite sheet industry.
Moreover, lower manufacturing costs allow Chinese products to gain a competitive edge in international markets. As technology advances, diamond composites are gradually replacing traditional materials like cemented carbide and high-speed steel, opening up new opportunities for market expansion.
In conclusion, the Chinese composite superhard materials industry is on a promising growth trajectory, with increasing global recognition and a strong foundation for future development.
Deadend Hardware
Deadend hardware is a type of pole line hardware that is used to secure the end of a transmission or distribution line to a pole or tower. It is designed to withstand the tension and weight of the line and keep it securely in place.
Deadend hardware typically consists of a variety of components, including Oval Eye Nuts, Thimble Eyelets , Anchor Shackle, Guy clamps, bolts, nuts, washers, and insulators. These components work together to create a strong and durable connection between the line and the pole.
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