Ceramics in the traditional sense refer to the two general categories of pottery and porcelain. Later it was developed to refer to the entire silicate material and oxide ceramic material. Ceramics is the oldest kind of material. It is the first product made by mankind in the conquest of nature and it is one of the symbols of human society's material civilization. As early as in the Stone Age, the working people of our country invented ceramics and became an indispensable material in the daily life of human beings, thus making a significant contribution to world civilization. However, ceramics have a short history of systematic research as an engineering material. Therefore, in a sense, ceramic is a new type of young engineering material.
Since the 20th century, the research on the structure, properties and manufacturing process of ceramics has been continuously deepened, which has led to the rapid development of ceramic materials and the creation of a series of new ceramic materials with various properties, which are widely used in modern industry and science and technology.
The so-called fine ceramic is relative to the traditional ceramics, both from the perspective of performance and application, it goes far beyond the concept of traditional ceramics. Fine ceramics are high-purity, ultra-fine materials, processed through special processes, so as to obtain a fine structure and inorganic non-metallic materials with many specific functions. The variety of fine ceramics can be divided into two categories based on their characteristics and applications. Structural ceramics are also called engineering ceramics. For example, high-temperature high-strength ceramics, superhard mold ceramics, chemical ceramics and so on. Structural ceramics have excellent mechanical properties, thermal properties and chemical properties; functional ceramics. For example, integrated circuit packaging materials, sensitive ceramics. The main features of fine ceramics are the following:
(1) The structural bonds of ceramics are generally strong ionic bonds and covalent bonds;
(2) Inhomogeneity and complexity of the microstructure.
Ceramic materials generally undergo crushed raw materials for preparation, molding, and sintering. Therefore, the microstructure consists of a crystal phase, a glass phase, and a gas phase. The relative amount of each phase also varies greatly, and the distribution is not uniform. Once the ceramic material is sintered, the microstructure and structure of the ceramic material cannot be changed by the hot and cold process. Fine ceramic performance characteristics can be attributed to the following points: high melting point, low density; good chemical stability, corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance; high strength, high stiffness, high hardness, wear resistance; certain thermal strength; toughness The plasticity is very small, the plastic deformation ability is poor, and it is prone to brittle failure; the processing and forming performance is poor.
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