Before the Industrial Revolution, most machinery was crafted from wood using manual techniques. Metal, primarily iron and steel, was only used for small components in items like clocks, locks, pumps, and instruments. The precision of metal parts was achieved through the skilled craftsmanship of artisans. However, with the rise of steam engines and the growth of large-scale industries such as mining, metallurgy, shipbuilding, and railway construction, the demand for metal components increased significantly. This led to the evolution of metal materials, expanding from copper and iron to more advanced forms of steel.
As the need for metal parts grew, machining technologies—such as casting, forging, welding, heat treatment, and cutting—advanced rapidly. Alongside these developments came improvements in machine tools, cutting tools, and measuring instruments, all of which ensured the production of complex mechanical equipment. With larger production volumes and the emergence of precision manufacturing techniques, new production methods began to take shape. These included interchangeable parts, specialized division of labor, flow production lines, and assembly lines, which revolutionized industrial efficiency and scalability.
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