Before the Industrial Revolution, most machinery was crafted from wood by hand, and metal—primarily steel and iron—was only used for small components in instruments, clocks, locks, pumps, and wooden-frame machines. Metalworking at that time relied heavily on the skill and precision of craftsmen. However, with the widespread adoption of steam engines and the rise of large-scale machinery in mining, metallurgy, shipbuilding, and railway systems, the demand for metal parts increased significantly. This led to the evolution of metal materials, expanding from copper and iron to more advanced forms of steel.
As the need for metal components grew, machining technologies—such as casting, forging, welding, heat treatment, and cutting—advanced rapidly. These developments were supported by improved machine tools, cutting instruments, and measuring devices, ensuring a steady supply of mechanical parts essential for industrial growth. Moreover, as production volumes increased and precision manufacturing techniques evolved, new production methods emerged. These included interchangeable parts, specialized division of labor, flow production lines, and assembly lines, all of which laid the foundation for modern mass production.
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