Excavators are complex machines commonly used in construction, mining, and earthmoving operations. Their basic structure typically includes a power unit, work equipment, a rotating mechanism, steering system, transmission system, running gear, and various auxiliary components. These systems work together to ensure the machine functions efficiently in different environments.
Visually, an excavator is divided into three main sections: the working device, the upper rotating platform, and the undercarriage or running mechanism. Depending on their design and intended use, excavators can be categorized into several types, such as crawler-mounted, wheeled, tracked, fully hydraulic, semi-hydraulic, full-rotation, non-full-rotation, general-purpose, special-purpose, articulated, and telescopic-arm models. Each type is suited for specific applications and terrains.
The working device is responsible for performing excavation tasks. It consists of three key parts: the boom, the dipper (or stick), and the bucket. These components are connected by hinges and controlled by double-acting hydraulic cylinders that allow for precise movements like lifting the boom, extending or retracting the stick, and rotating the bucket. To adapt to different construction needs, excavators can be equipped with various attachments, including digging buckets, lifting arms, loading tools, leveling blades, clamping jaws, dozer blades, and impact hammers.
The rotating and running system forms the main body of the excavator. The engine, which serves as the primary power source, is usually located on the upper part of the rotating platform. Most excavators are powered by diesel engines due to their reliability and efficiency, though electric motors are also used in certain applications where environmental concerns are a priority.
The transmission system plays a crucial role in transferring power from the engine to the hydraulic pumps, which then drive the actuators like hydraulic motors and cylinders. This system enables the movement and operation of the working device, allowing the excavator to perform a wide range of tasks effectively.
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