The elevator's traction motor can be either an AC or DC motor, and it serves as the primary power source that moves the elevator up and down. Since elevators are considered a typical potential load, the motor used in this application must meet specific performance requirements to ensure smooth and efficient operation.
Firstly, the motor needs to handle frequent starts and stops. During normal operation, an elevator may brake over 100 times per hour, with some models reaching up to 180 to 240 cycles per hour. This means the motor must be designed for intermittent, repetitive operation, ensuring reliability under such conditions.
Secondly, the starting current should be kept low. In the design of AC motors for elevators, the rotor is typically made with a combination of low-resistivity materials for the guide bars and high-resistivity materials for the short-circuit rings. This increases the rotor resistance, which helps reduce the starting current to approximately 2.5 to 3.5 times the rated current. This not only allows more frequent starts but also helps manage heat dissipation effectively. The increased resistance in the short-circuit ring ensures better thermal performance, leading to lower temperature rise. Additionally, the motor maintains sufficient starting torque—usually around 2.5 times the rated torque. However, this design results in softer mechanical characteristics, lower efficiency, and a higher slip rate (between 0.1 and 0.2). Despite these trade-offs, the motor remains safe and functional even under stall conditions.
Thirdly, the motor should operate quietly. To achieve this, many elevator motors use sliding bearings instead of rolling ones, which significantly reduces noise during operation. Furthermore, the stator core’s effective outer diameter is often increased, and its shape is optimized to minimize vibrations and noise, contributing to a smoother and quieter ride.
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