2013 fruit tree science fertilization technical guidance

**Apple Cultivation Fertilization Guidelines** **(a) Apple** 1. **Fertilization Principles** (1) Apply organic fertilizer and promote the combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Adjust nitrogen and phosphorus levels based on soil fertility and yield. Pay attention to the application of calcium, magnesium, boron, and zinc. (2) Combine with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques. Apply NPK fertilizers in stages depending on tree vigor and age. (3) For orchards suffering from soil acidification, apply silicon fertilizer or slaked lime to improve soil conditions. 2. **Fertilizer Application Amounts and Ratios** (1) For orchards producing 3,500 kg or less per mu: - Nitrogen (N): 15–25 kg/mu - Phosphate (P₂O₅): 6–10 kg/mu - Potash (K₂O): 15–20 kg/mu For orchards producing 3,500–4,500 kg/mu: - Nitrogen (N): 20–30 kg/mu - Phosphate (P₂O₅): 8–12 kg/mu - Potash (K₂O): 15–25 kg/mu For orchards producing more than 4,500 kg/mu: - Nitrogen (N): 25–40 kg/mu - Phosphate (P₂O₅): 10–15 kg/mu - Potash (K₂O): 20–30 kg/mu (2) Early maturing varieties, fertile soils, young trees, or vigorous orchards should receive 2–3 cubic meters of organic fertilizer per mu. Late maturing varieties, poor soils, older trees, or weak orchards should receive 3–4 cubic meters of organic fertilizer. Chemical fertilizers should be applied in 2–3 stages. The first application is in mid-March, using a balanced NPK mix. The second application in mid-June focuses on nitrogen and potassium, with increased potassium. A third application in late July to mid-August emphasizes potassium with a small amount of nitrogen. (3) For orchards with zinc, boron, or calcium deficiencies, apply 1–1.5 kg of zinc sulfate, 0.5–1.0 kg of borax, and 30–50 kg of calcium nitrate per mu, mixed with organic fertilizer in early spring. For sulfur-deficient orchards, use sulfur-containing fertilizers such as potassium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, or superphosphate. **(b) Peach** 1. **Fertilization Principles** (1) Increase the use of organic fertilizer and adjust the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium according to soil fertility, variety type, and yield. Pay special attention to the application of calcium, magnesium, boron, and zinc. (2) Different peach varieties have different topdressing periods. Early maturing varieties require earlier applications, while late maturing varieties need more frequent spring topdressing. Focus on autumn base fertilization. (3) Combine with high-quality cultivation techniques. In areas prone to waterlogging, use ridge and mulch methods. In arid regions, use surface covering and hole storage techniques. 2. **Fertilizer Application Amounts and Methods** (1) Organic fertilizer application: - Early maturing varieties, fertile soils, young trees, or vigorous orchards: 1–2 cubic meters/mu - Late maturing varieties, poor soils, old trees, or weak orchards: 2–4 cubic meters/mu (2) Fertilizer application amounts for different yield levels: - For 1,500 kg/mu: - Nitrogen (N): 10–12 kg/mu - Phosphate (P₂O₅): 5–8 kg/mu - Potash (K₂O): 12–15 kg/mu - For 2,000 kg/mu: - Nitrogen (N): 15–18 kg/mu - Phosphate (P₂O₅): 7–10 kg/mu - Potash (K₂O): 17–20 kg/mu - For 3,000 kg/mu: - Nitrogen (N): 18–20 kg/mu - Phosphate (P₂O₅): 10–12 kg/mu - Potash (K₂O): 20–23 kg/mu (3) Fertilization method: All organic fertilizer should be applied as base fertilizer in autumn or spring using ditching. 50% of phosphate and potassium, along with 40% of nitrogen, should be mixed with organic fertilizer. Remaining NPK is applied during growth stages. Topdressing is usually done at germination (early March), hard core period (mid-May), and fruit expansion (July). Early varieties may get 2 times, while late ones get 3. Adjust timing accordingly. (4) For orchards with previous year’s issues like leaf drop or overloading, increase topdressing. Spray 2–3 times of 1–3% urea before bud break, then every 7 days until mid-July. Mix urea with potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.3–0.5%). If symptoms like white leaves or gum exudation appear, spray 0.01–0.03% copper sulfate during bud break. (5) If large amounts of organic fertilizer are used, reduce autumn nitrogen and potassium by 1–2 kg/mu. If pig manure is used, avoid copper sulfate even if past symptoms occurred. **(c) Pear** 1. **Fertilization Principles** (1) Increase organic fertilizer application and implement soil coverage and fertilization. Improve severely acidic soils with lime and organic fertilizer. (2) Based on soil fertility and tree health, reduce nitrogen and phosphorus but increase potassium. Supplement trace elements via foliar sprays. (3) Combine with high-yield and high-quality cultivation. Determine fertilizer timing, dosage, and ratio based on yield and soil conditions. (4) Optimize fertilization methods—use strip or point application. Coordinate with irrigation and adjust fertilizer with water. 2. **Fertilizer Application Amounts and Methods** (1) For orchards yielding over 4,000 kg/mu: - Organic fertilizer: 3–4 cubic meters/mu - Nitrogen (N): 25–30 kg/mu - Phosphate (P₂O₅): 8–12 kg/mu - Potash (K₂O): 20–30 kg/mu (2) For orchards yielding 2,000–4,000 kg/mu: - Organic fertilizer: 2–3 cubic meters/mu - Nitrogen (N): 20–25 kg/mu - Phosphate (P₂O₅): 8–12 kg/mu - Potash (K₂O): 20–25 kg/mu (3) For orchards yielding less than 2,000 kg/mu: - Organic fertilizer: 2–3 cubic meters/mu - Nitrogen (N): 15–20 kg/mu - Phosphate (P₂O₅): 8–12 kg/mu - Potash (K₂O): 15–20 kg/mu For low-calcium or magnesium soils, use calcium phosphate fertilizer. For iron, zinc, or boron deficiencies, spray ferrous sulfate (0.3%), zinc sulfate (0.3–0.5%), or borax (0.3–0.5%) as needed. Adjust nitrogen and potassium based on organic fertilizer quantity. All organic fertilizer, all phosphate, 50–60% nitrogen, and 40% potassium are applied as base fertilizer in autumn after harvest. The remaining 40–50% nitrogen and 60% potassium are applied in March during germination and again in June–July during fruit expansion. Adjust topdressing based on tree vigor. **Expert Group on Soil Testing and Formula Fertilization Technology of the Ministry of Agriculture**

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