I. Identification of Crop Fertilizer Damage Crop fertilizer damage can manifest in several distinct ways, and understanding these signs is crucial for timely intervention. The main characteristics include: (1) Dehydration: This occurs when excessive fertilization or drought conditions lead to a high concentration of nutrients in the soil. As a result, the plant loses water and may show symptoms like wilting. (2) Burn Injury: Applying volatile fertilizers such as ammonium bicarbonate under intense sunlight can cause leaf burn or damage to young plant tissues due to the high temperature and chemical reaction. (3) Toxicity: Urea containing more than 2% biuret, or superphosphate with free acid content exceeding 5%, can be harmful to crop roots once applied. This leads to root rot and stunted growth. (4) Stagnation: When large amounts of undecomposed organic fertilizer are used, it can release methane and other harmful gases during decomposition. These gases can harm seeds or roots, hindering normal development. II. Prevention of Fertilizer Damage To avoid fertilizer-related issues, the following measures should be taken: (1) Seed-Fertilizer Separation: When applying seed fertilizer, ensure that the seed and fertilizer are not in direct contact. This prevents early damage to the seedling. (2) Proper Water Management: If the soil is too dry, it's best to water before applying fertilizer or use a liquid fertilizer solution. In paddy fields, maintain a shallow water layer before applying chemical fertilizers and cultivate immediately afterward. (3) Even Application: Fertilizer should be spread evenly across the field. If needed, mix it with mud or fine sand to ensure uniform distribution. (4) Timing of Application: Fertilize after morning dew has dried or in the late afternoon. Avoid applying during the hottest part of the day. Also, always use fully decomposed organic fertilizer. When applying, place unused fertilizer downwind to prevent toxic fumes from affecting crops. (5) Corrective Actions: If fertilizer damage occurs accidentally, take immediate action such as watering, draining, or removing affected parts. These steps help limit further damage and support healthy crop recovery. By understanding these causes and implementing proper practices, farmers can significantly reduce the risk of fertilizer damage and promote better crop health.
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