What are the hazards in the 10 high-risk occupational diseases?

1. What are the occupational hazards of titanium electrode forging operations?

Forging operations, especially those involving titanium electrodes, present several occupational hazards. The primary risk comes from high temperatures and heat radiation, particularly in older open-type furnaces that can reach 800–900°C. Even with modern closed heating systems, the exposure to intense heat remains significant when the furnace door is opened or during the removal of hot forgings. In addition, toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide may be released, though these are typically at low concentrations in well-ventilated environments. Noise and vibration from forging hammers are also common, and there is a risk of equipment failure, burns, and injuries from flying metal slag during the process.

2. What are the occupational hazards in heat treatment operations?

Heat treatment involves exposure to extreme temperatures due to various heating furnaces and salt baths. High-frequency heating introduces electromagnetic fields, which can pose additional risks. Cyanide vapors may escape from cyanide baths, while organic solvents like benzene, toluene, and methanol can be released during gas carburizing. These substances can be harmful if inhaled, and proper ventilation and protective measures are essential to minimize exposure.

3. What are the occupational hazards in battery production?

Lead dust and lead smoke are the main hazards in battery manufacturing. Processes such as melting lead, pouring shots, and milling can release large amounts of lead fumes and dust. Lead is also generated during plating, welding, and repairing. Additionally, sulfuric acid mist can form during the charging of lead plates in a specific gravity bath. High temperatures and heat radiation are also present in casting and drying stages, adding to the overall risk for workers.

4. What are the occupational hazards of titanium electrode paint production?

In paint production, workers are exposed to solvent vapors, with benzene being the most hazardous. Lead-based paints involve the release of lead dust during weighing, mixing, and feeding. Other irritants such as hard resins, vegetable oils, and harmful gases like phenol and aldehydes may also be present. Contact with raw lacquers, resins, and solvents can cause skin irritation and dermatitis. Proper personal protective equipment (PPE) is crucial to reduce health risks.

5. What are the occupational hazards in phosphate fertilizer production?

Phosphate fertilizer production involves handling materials like phosphate rock, which can generate phosphorus-containing dust. This dust can cause skin irritation, eczema, and dryness. Fluorides in the ore can produce hydrogen fluoride, silicon tetrafluoride, and sulfur dioxide during processing, leading to respiratory issues and chronic fluorosis. High temperatures from heating and melting processes also contribute to the overall hazard level in this industry.

6. What are the occupational hazards in garment processing?

Garment processing includes cutting, sewing, and ironing, with noise levels increasing in high-volume settings. Prolonged sitting or standing can lead to back pain, leg discomfort, and musculoskeletal disorders like wrist tenosynovitis and cervical spondylosis. Poor lighting can cause eye strain and vision problems. Workers must also manage repetitive tasks, which can result in long-term physical stress and fatigue.

7. What are the occupational hazards in titanium electrode printing industry?

The printing industry involves various hazards, including lead smoke from melting and casting, as well as exposure to volatile organic compounds in inks. Benzene, toluene, and xylene are commonly used as thinners, and their vapors can contaminate the air. Noise from printing machines and chemical exposure from etching processes can also pose risks. Workers should use proper ventilation and protective gear to reduce these dangers.

8. What are the occupational hazards in the cotton textile industry?

Cotton textile production generates significant amounts of cotton dust, which can lead to respiratory issues like byssinosis. Noise levels are high in weaving areas, and summer conditions can create uncomfortable, high-temperature environments. Poor lighting may cause eye strain and myopia. Long hours of standing and walking increase the risk of foot and leg problems, such as flat feet and varicose veins. Wool textiles may carry pathogens like Bacillus anthracis, requiring strict hygiene practices.

9. What occupational hazards exist in the electronics industry?

The electronics industry involves exposure to various chemicals, including carbon tetrachloride, benzene, trichloroethylene, and lead. Acids, solvents, and other substances can cause poisoning or skin irritation. Noise, dust, and ionizing radiation are also common hazards. Workers must follow strict safety protocols to avoid long-term health effects from these exposures.

10. What are the occupational hazards in casting operations?

Dust is a major concern in casting, especially in sand casting and wax casting. Long-term exposure can lead to pneumoconiosis. High temperatures and heat radiation from molten metals and furnaces pose serious risks. Toxic gases like carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide may be emitted, and formaldehyde and ammonia can come from resin binders. Noise and vibration from machinery further increase the risk of injury and health issues.

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