From a technical perspective, the digital replacement of analog systems is an inevitable trend. This shift is not just about progress—it's necessary, as many limitations that hinder traditional analog optical transceivers can only be overcome through digitalization. High-quality, long-distance, and ultra-long-distance transmission, along with multi-functional and multi-service requirements, complex network structures—these all demand the capabilities of digital optical transceivers.
**1. The signal transmitted over fiber is fundamentally different**
As the name implies, analog optical transceivers emit analog optical signals. These signals modulate the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the light based on the input analog carrier signal, resulting in amplitude-modulated (AM), frequency-modulated (FM), or phase-modulated (PM) optical transceivers. In contrast, digital optical transceivers transmit binary data—represented by 0s and 1s—that correspond to the intensity of the optical signal. Different combinations of these bits carry video, audio, and data signals, enabling more precise and flexible communication.
**2. Input and output processing differs significantly**
Whether analog or digital, baseband signals like video, audio, and data must be processed before transmission. For analog AM transceivers, this involves modulating the amplitude of the signal onto a high-frequency carrier. However, digital transceivers convert the baseband signal into a digital format using high-resolution analog-to-digital conversion. For example, a 1Vp-p signal might be represented by a 12-bit digital value, dividing the range into 4096 levels. This results in a quantization error of approximately 2.5mV, which is negligible compared to analog distortion. The digital signal then directly controls the optical output, and at the receiving end, it’s converted back to analog for playback.
**3. Signal distortion and interference are more common in analog systems**
Analog transceivers rely on linear modulation, but achieving true linearity is challenging. Non-linearities in both the modulation process and the optical components lead to distortion. Additionally, factors like temperature, voltage fluctuations, and optical power changes further degrade performance. Over long distances, dispersion and attenuation cause phase shifts and signal degradation. Even after reception, nonlinearities during demodulation introduce more distortion. As a result, analog systems often struggle with maintaining consistent quality, especially for video, audio, and data transmission.
**4. Intermodulation distortion limits analog scalability**
In real-world applications, multiple signals such as video, audio, Ethernet, and telephone lines may need to be transmitted simultaneously. Analog systems struggle with this, as mixing signals via FM, AM, or PM can lead to intermodulation and crosstalk. This results in unstable, distorted outputs. Most analog systems can handle no more than four signals at once. Digital systems, however, excel in multiplexing. They allow for large-capacity transmission without interference. For instance, some digital optical transceivers can carry up to 128 signals—including video, audio, data, and voice—on a single fiber without any crosstalk.
**5. Digital systems offer greater stability**
Analog transceivers are sensitive to environmental factors like temperature, which can affect signal quality and reliability. This makes maintenance difficult, especially in large-scale projects. Digital systems, on the other hand, are more stable and less affected by external conditions. This makes them a preferred choice for critical applications where reliability is essential. Choosing digital optical transceivers ensures better performance, fewer issues, and long-term cost savings.
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