From a technical perspective, the digital substitution of analog is an inevitable trend. This shift is not only driven by the need for higher performance but also because certain limitations in analog optical transceivers can only be overcome through digitalization. High-quality, long-distance, and ultra-long-distance transmission, along with multi-functional and multi-service requirements, as well as complex network structures, are all better addressed using digital optical transceivers.
**1. The signal transmitted over fiber differs fundamentally**
Analog optical transceivers transmit analog optical signals, which vary in amplitude, frequency, or phase based on the input analog carrier signal. These are known as amplitude-modulated (AM), frequency-modulated (FM), or phase-modulated (PM) optical transceivers. In contrast, digital optical transceivers send digital signals—represented by 0s and 1s—that correspond to the intensity of the optical signal. Different combinations of these bits represent various types of data, such as video, audio, and other digital information.
**2. Input and output processing methods differ significantly**
Both analog and digital optical transceivers process baseband signals like video, audio, and data. However, the approach varies. Analog systems modulate the amplitude of the signal onto a high-frequency carrier, while digital systems convert the analog signal into a digital format through high-resolution analog-to-digital conversion. For example, a 1V peak-to-peak signal might be represented by a 12-bit digital value, dividing the range into 4096 levels. This results in a quantization error of about 2.5mV. The digital signal then controls the optical output directly, and at the receiving end, it is converted back to analog for playback.
**3. Signal distortion and interference differ greatly**
Analog transceivers rely on linear modulation, but achieving true linearity is challenging, leading to inherent distortions. Optical devices are also non-linear and sensitive to temperature, voltage, and light output, requiring extensive aging and testing. During transmission, optical signals experience attenuation, frequency shifts, and phase distortion due to dispersion. At the receiving end, nonlinearities persist during demodulation, resulting in cumulative distortions that are hard to eliminate. Digital transceivers, on the other hand, only introduce minor quantization errors, which are negligible and do not cause noticeable distortion.
**4. Intermodulation distortion is a major issue in analog systems**
In applications where multiple signals—such as video, audio, Ethernet, or telephone—are transmitted simultaneously, analog systems face significant challenges. Multiplexing signals in FM, AM, or PM systems often leads to intermodulation distortion and crosstalk. This results in unstable and poor-quality outputs. Most analog systems can handle no more than four signals at once. Digital systems, however, allow for large-capacity multiplexing without interference. For example, some fully digital optical transceivers can support up to 128 channels on a single fiber without any crosstalk.
**5. Stability and reliability are superior in digital systems**
Analog optical transceivers are highly sensitive to environmental factors like temperature, which can affect transmission quality. This makes maintenance difficult, especially in large-scale projects. Digital systems, by contrast, offer greater stability and reliability, making them a preferred choice for critical applications. Their ability to maintain consistent performance under varying conditions ensures better long-term results and fewer operational headaches.
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